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PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY

Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR)

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a:

  • Complication of retinal detachment or eye injury
  • Characterized by:
    1. Scarring: Formation of fibrotic membranes in the vitreous and retina
    2. Retinal traction: Contraction of scar tissue, leading to retinal detachment or vision loss

Causes

  1. Retinal detachment: Previous detachment or surgery
  2. Eye injury: Trauma or inflammation

Treatment

  1. Surgery: Vitrectomy and membrane peeling to remove scar tissue
  2. Complex retinal surgery: May require multiple procedures

If you have PVR, consult a retina specialist for personalized advice and treatment to manage the condition and preserve vision.

FUNDUS ALBIPUNCTATUS

Fundus Albipunctatus

Fundus albipunctatus is a:

  • Rare, inherited condition affecting the retina
  • Characterized by:
    1. White or yellowish dots: In the retina
    2. Night blindness: Difficulty seeing in low light
    3. Variable visual impairment: May experience reduced vision

Causes

  1. Genetic mutation: Affecting the RDH5 gene

Treatment

  1. No cure: Currently, no cure available
  2. Supportive care: Regular eye exams, low vision aids

If you have fundus albipunctatus, consult an eye care professional or retina specialist for personalized advice and support to manage vision loss.

TORPEDO MACULOPATHY

Torpedo Maculopathy

Torpedo maculopathy is a:

  • Rare, congenital condition affecting the macula
  • Characterized by a distinctive “torpedo-shaped” lesion

Symptoms

  1. Vision loss: Variable, often mild to moderate
  2. Visual field defects: Blind spots or distorted vision

Characteristics

  1. Lesion shape: Torpedo-shaped or oval-shaped lesion in the macula
  2. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes: Abnormalities in the RPE layer

Treatment

  1. Monitoring: Regular eye exams to track progression
  2. No treatment: Often not necessary, but low vision aids may be helpful

If you have torpedo maculopathy, consult an eye care professional or retina specialist for personalized advice and monitoring to preserve vision.

STAGARDT DISEASE

Stargardt Disease

Stargardt disease is a:

  • Genetic eye disorder affecting the macula
  • Leading cause of inherited juvenile macular degeneration

Symptoms

  1. Vision loss: Central vision loss, blurred vision
  2. Color vision: Difficulty distinguishing colors
  3. Night vision: Impaired adaptation to darkness

Characteristics

  1. Macular degeneration: Damage to the macula, causing vision loss
  2. Lipofuscin accumulation: Abnormal buildup of lipofuscin in the retina

Treatment

  1. No cure: Currently, no cure available
  2. Supportive care: Regular eye exams, low vision aids
  3. Research: Ongoing studies on potential treatments, such as gene therapy

If you have Stargardt disease, consult an eye care professional or retina specialist for personalized advice and support to manage vision loss.

POLYCORIA

Irritant Conjunctivitis

Irritant conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and inside of the eyelids) caused by:

  • Exposure to irritants like chemicals, smoke, or dust
  • Allergens or foreign substances

Symptoms

  1. Redness: Pink or red eyes
  2. Itching or burning: Discomfort in the eyes
  3. Discharge: Watery or sticky discharge
  4. Sensitivity to light: Photophobia

Treatment

  1. Avoid irritants: Remove or minimize exposure
  2. Flush eyes: With water or saline solution
  3. Artificial tears: To lubricate and soothe
  4. Cool compresses: To reduce discomfort

If symptoms persist or worsen, consult an eye care professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

LIFESTYLE PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE EYES

Lifestyle practices are daily life actions that we engage in daily.

Some lifestyle practices are good  and are beneficial to the eyes and the reverse of these good practices poses serious threat to the eyes.

The following are some lifestyle practices and how they affect the eyes:

1. WEARING PROTECTIVE GOGGLES WHILE AT WORK: If you work in a production factory or a chemical laboratory/factory, wearing protective goggles will help protect your eyes from workspace accidents like flying objects getting into the eyes, chemicals and fumes entering the eyes and causing issues for your eyes.

If you are an outdoor worker, that spends Time outside under the sun, a pair of photo AR will go a long way in preventing issues like cataract, pterygium and Age related macular degeneration

If you spend time working on your computer, getting a pair of bluecut glasses will go a long way in protecting your eyes from blue light from your devices.

2. EXERCISING: By Exercising regularly, your body will be able to fight against diseases like diabetes, hypertension and obesity.

Once you are able to fight against these conditions your chances of coming down diseases like diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy.

These conditions have been known to cause blindness.

3. SMOKING: smoking regularly can actually put you at a risk of cataracts and macula degeneration. Instead of smoking yourself to blindness and then start looking for help all around, why don’t you just  avoid smoking altogether? Think about it.

4. SELF – MEDICATION: By using medications (eyedrops and tablets) without doctor’s recommendation, you will actually be putting your eyes and life at risk. The damages self – medication can cause are enormous and most times irreversible.

5. NOT CHECKING YOUR EYES REGULARLY:  Not checking your eyes regularly or avoiding visiting the hospital altogether when you are have eye issues is a lifestyle practice that have caused so many their eyes eventually.

By not checking your eyes regularly, you tend to Miss certain conditions that could have been treated in their early stage until it’s impossible to treat.

This is not an exhaustive list though

BIRDSHOT CHRORETINOPATHY

Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a rare, chronic inflammatory eye condition characterized by:

  • Inflammation of the choroid and retina
  • Multiple, small, orange-yellow lesions in the retina
  • Potential for vision loss

Symptoms

  1. Floaters: Spots or floaters in vision
  2. Blurred vision: Decreased visual acuity
  3. Night blindness: Difficulty seeing in low light
  4. Color vision defects: Difficulty distinguishing colors

Treatment

  1. Immunosuppressive therapy: Medications to reduce inflammation
  2. Corticosteroids: To control inflammation
  3. Biologics: Targeted therapies to reduce inflammation
  4. Monitoring: Regular eye exams to track disease progression

Complications

  1. Vision loss: Potential for permanent vision loss
  2. Cataracts: Increased risk of cataract development
  3. Glaucoma: Increased risk of glaucoma

If you have birdshot chorioretinopathy, work closely with an eye care professional to manage the condition and preserve vision.

ASTEROID HYALOSIS

Asteroid HYALOSIS are yellowish glittering particles deposits on the vitreous body caused by age related vitreous degeneration.

This condition is usually age related and does not affect vision in any way.

Most of times, the patients does not even notice any sign or symptom but a common symptom of this condition is floaters ( moving objects in the field of view).

If the symptom becomes  discomforting, surgery is usually the way out for the patient.

OPTIC NEURITIS

Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerves. The optic nerves are connections between the eye and the brain responsible for transmission of visual impulses between the two organs

This condition is caused by autoimmune ailments like multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and viral infections like shingles , chicken pox et.c

This condition is sight threatening, especially if not treated early.

Signs and symptoms includes pain on eye movement, reduced vision, defective colour vision, eye pain.

Treatment involves treating underlying conditions, and the use of corticosteroids.

THE MUSCLE DESTROYER (Myasthenia gravis)

Myasthenia gravis occurs when the nerves are unable to give signals to the muscles to perform specific actions e.g standing, gripping an object, opening your mouth and eyes etc.

CAUSES: It is an autoimmune condition. That is the body’s immune system attacks the Healthy body structures or tissues mistaking it for an infectious or foreign particle

It can also be caused by an overaction or tumour of the thymus gland.


There are usually three types of Myasthenia gravis and they are 1. Autoimmune Myasthenia gravis 2. Neonatal MG 3. Congenital MG. The first one affects women of ages between 20 and 40 and men above 60yrs of age. while the last two affects babies

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Normally for muscular activity to occur, the nerve release a substance called acetylcholine. This acetylcholine travels and binds itself to the receptors on the muscle site and trigger a contraction of the muscle

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Difficulty sitting up, difficulty opening the mouth and eyes, difficulty lifting hands, difficulty breathing

When the body’s antibodies  destroys all the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle site. The acetylcholine will not be able to bind to any receptor to trigger muscular contraction

TREATMENT : For auto immune myasthenia gravis, there is usually no cure. But it’s usually advised that the patient gets enough rest.

MG crisis is triggered when the individual is stressed, hence rest is advised so that the muscles can gain strength.