Eagleview Eye Clinic

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Krimsky test

The Krimsky test is used to measure strabismus (misaligned eyes) in patients who can’t fixate or have poor fixation.

What it’s for:

The Krimsky test is used to:

  1. Measure strabismus in patients with poor fixation
  2. Assess ocular alignment

How it’s done:

  1. A light is shone into the patient’s eyes.
  2. Prisms are placed in front of the deviated eye.
  3. The prism is adjusted until the corneal reflections are symmetrical.

What it shows:

The test measures the amount of strabismus, helping diagnose and manage eye alignment issues.

VON GRAEFE TEST

The Von Graefe test, also known as the Von Graefe’s prism test, is used to measure the amount of heterophoria (latent strabismus).

What it’s for:

The Von Graefe test is used to:

  1. Measure heterophoria (latent strabismus)
  2. Assess binocular vision

How it’s done:

  1. The patient is asked to look at a target.
  2. A prism is placed in front of one eye.
  3. The prism is adjusted until the patient reports alignment of the target.
  4. The amount of prism required to align the target measures the heterophoria.

VAN HERRICK TEST

The Van Herrick test is a method used to estimate the depth of the anterior chamber angle in the eye.

What it’s for:

The Van Herrick test is used to:

  1. Assess the risk of angle-closure glaucoma
  2. Evaluate the anterior chamber angle width

How it’s done:

  1. A narrow slit beam is shone onto the peripheral cornea.
  2. The examiner observes the angle between the cornea and iris.
  3. The width of the angle is estimated and graded.

Grading:

The Van Herrick test grades the angle as:

  1. Grade 4: Wide open angle
  2. Grade 3: Moderate angle
  3. Grade 2: Narrow angle
  4. Grade 1: Extremely narrow angle
  5. Grade 0: Closed angle

What it shows:

The test helps identify patients at risk of angle-closure glaucoma, allowing for further evaluation and treatment if necessary.

BROAD H TEST

The Broad H test is used in ophthalmology to assess eye movements.

What it’s for:

The Broad H test is used to assess eye movements in all cardinal positions of gaze.

How it’s done:

  1. The patient is asked to follow a target (like a pen or light) with their eyes.
  2. The target is moved in a broad H shape.
  3. The examiner observes the patient’s eye movements for any limitations or abnormalities as the patient looks up and down, left and right.

What it shows:

The test helps identify:

  1. Limitations in eye movement that can indicate problems with the extraocular muscles or nerves supplying them.
  2. Cranial nerve palsies like III, IV, or VI nerve palsies.
  3. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (a disorder of eye movements).
  4. Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) or other abnormal eye movements.

The Broad H test is useful for detecting issues like strabismus or cranial nerve problems. It’s an important part of a comprehensive eye exam.

VERTICAL COINCIDENCE

The vertical coincidence test is a method used in ophthalmology and optometry to assess the alignment of the eyes.

What it’s for:

The vertical coincidence test is used to:

  1. Detect and measure vertical deviations (misalignments) of the eyes
  2. Assess binocular vision and eye alignment
  3. Diagnose and manage conditions like hypertropia (one eye higher than the other) and other vertical strabismus disorders

How it’s performed:

  1. The patient is asked to look at a target, usually a light or an object.
  2. A prism is placed in front of one eye to measure the deviation.
  3. The prism is adjusted until the two images seen by the patient appear to be vertically coincident (aligned).
  4. The amount of prism required to achieve alignment is a measure of the vertical deviation.

What it shows:

The test shows the amount of vertical misalignment between the two eyes, helping diagnose conditions like:

  1. Hypertropia (one eye higher than the other)
  2. Hypotropia (one eye lower than the other)
  3. Other vertical strabismus disorders

The vertical coincidence test provides valuable information about eye alignment and helps diagnose and manage vertical strabismus. If you have more questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask.

HORIZONTAL COINCIDENCE TEST

The horizontal coincidence test, also known as the cover-uncover test or Hirschberg’s test, assesses binocular alignment and detects strabismus (misaligned eyes).

How it’s done:

  1. Patient fixates: The patient looks at a target, usually a light or object.
  2. Covering one eye: One eye is covered, and the movement of the uncovered eye is observed.
  3. Uncovering the eye: The covered eye is uncovered, and the movement of both eyes is observed.

Purpose:

The test helps detect:

  1. Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes (esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, etc.).
  2. Binocular vision problems: Issues with how the eyes work together.

The test provides valuable information about binocular alignment and helps diagnose and manage strabismus and other binocular vision problems.

THE BJERRUM TANGENT SCREEN

The Bjerrum tangent screen is a device used in ophthalmology to assess the visual field, particularly the central and paracentral areas. It’s a flat surface with a tangent curve marked on it, used to map out the field of vision.

How it’s used:

  1. Patient fixation: The patient fixates on a central point.
  2. Stimulus presentation: A stimulus (e.g., a small object or light) is moved along the tangent screen.
  3. Visual field mapping: The patient indicates when they see the stimulus, allowing the examiner to map out the visual field.

Purpose:

The Bjerrum tangent screen is used to:

  1. Detect visual field defects: Identify defects in the central and paracentral visual field.
  2. Monitor glaucoma: Track changes in the visual field associated with glaucoma.
  3. Assess optic nerve function: Evaluate the function of the optic nerve.

The Bjerrum tangent screen is a useful tool for assessing and monitoring visual field defects, particularly in glaucoma patients.

FARNSWORTH D15 TEST

The Farnsworth D15 test is a color vision test used to assess color perception and detect color vision deficiencies. Here’s a detailed overview:

Test Procedure:

  1. Colored caps: The test consists of 15 colored caps, each with a specific hue.
  2. Arranging the caps: The patient is asked to arrange the caps in a specific order, typically in a hue sequence.
  3. Testing conditions: The test is usually administered in a well-lit room with good color rendering.

Purpose:

The Farnsworth D15 test is used to:

  1. Detect color vision deficiencies: Identify individuals with color vision problems, particularly in the blue-yellow axis.
  2. Assess color discrimination: Evaluate the patient’s ability to distinguish between different colors.
  3. Monitor color vision: Track changes in color vision over time or after treatment.

Scoring and Interpretation:

  1. Error score: The number and type of errors are recorded and scored.
  2. Color confusion index: The results are often presented as a color confusion index, which indicates the severity of color vision deficiency.
  3. Interpretation: The results help diagnose and classify color vision deficiencies, such as tritanopia (blue-yellow deficiency).

Applications:

  1. Occupational vision assessments: Used in industries where color vision is critical, such as aviation, transportation, or graphic design.
  2. Clinical assessments: Helps diagnose and manage color vision problems in patients.
  3. Research: Used in studies on color vision and its applications.

The Farnsworth D15 test is a valuable tool for assessing color vision and detecting color vision deficiencies, enabling targeted interventions and accommodations.

MADDOX WING TEST

The Maddox wing test is a subjective test used in ophthalmology and orthoptics to measure heterophoria (latent strabismus) and assess binocular vision. It involves a device with two wings or handles that are adjusted to align two arrows or lines.

How it works:

  1. Patient views the arrows: The patient looks through the device and sees two arrows or lines, one with each eye.
  2. Adjusting the wings: The patient adjusts the wings until the arrows or lines appear aligned.
  3. Measuring deviation: The amount of deviation is measured from the scale on the device.

Purpose:

The Maddox wing test is used to:

  1. Measure heterophoria: Quantify the amount of latent strabismus.
  2. Assess binocular vision: Evaluate the patient’s ability to fuse images from both eyes.
  3. Diagnose and manage: Help diagnose and manage conditions like esophoria, exophoria, and hyperphoria.

The Maddox wing test provides a subjective measurement of heterophoria, allowing practitioners to plan treatment and monitor progress.

MADDOX ROD

The Maddox rod is a cylindrical lens with parallel rods that convert a point source of light into a streak or line. It’s used in ophthalmology and optometry to assess and measure strabismus (misaligned eyes) and heterophoria (latent strabismus).

How it works:

  1. Light source: A point source of light is shone through the Maddox rod.
  2. Streak formation: The rods convert the light into a streak or line, which is perceived by the patient.
  3. Alignment assessment: The orientation and position of the streak relative to the other eye help diagnose and quantify deviations in eye alignment.

Types of Maddox rods:

  1. Single Maddox rod: Used to assess horizontal or vertical deviations.
  2. Double Maddox rod: Used to assess torsional deviations.

Clinical applications:

  1. Strabismus diagnosis: Helps diagnose and quantify esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and other types of strabismus.
  2. Heterophoria diagnosis: Detects latent strabismus, which can cause eye strain or other symptoms.
  3. Treatment planning: Guides treatment decisions, such as prism correction or strabismus surgery.

The Maddox rod is a valuable tool in ophthalmology and optometry, enabling practitioners to accurately diagnose and manage strabismus and heterophoria.