Eagleview Eye Clinic

Tag Eye infection

FULL ERG

Full-field ERG tests the entire retina’s electrical response to light. You get electrodes on the cornea or skin, dark-adapt for ~20 mins, then flashes of light stimulate rods and cones. It records a-waves (photoreceptor activity) and b-waves (inner retinal response). Used to diagnose widespread retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa or Leber congenital amaurosis. Results show overall retinal function, not localized areas.

CORNEA DECOMPENSATION

πŸ‘οΈ Corneal decompensation happens when the endothelium (the inner layer of the cornea) fails to pump out fluid, causing corneal swelling (edema), cloudiness, and blurry vision.

  • Causes:
    • Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy (most common)
    • Trauma (surgical or accidental)
    • Long-term contact lens wear
    • Glaucoma or high eye pressure
    • Inflammation or infection
  • Symptoms:
    • Hazy or blurry vision (often worse in the morning)
    • Glare and light sensitivity
    • Eye discomfort or pain in advanced cases
    • Halos around lights
  • Stages:
    • Early: Mild swelling, subtle visual changes
    • Moderate: Noticeable edema, thickened cornea
    • Advanced: Bullae formation (epithelial blisters), pain, and risk of infection
  • Treatment:
    • Mild: Hypertonic saline drops/ointment to draw out fluid
    • Moderate: Reducing contributing factors (e.g., pressure control in glaucoma)
    • Severe: Endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK, DSAEK, or DMEK) β€” partial corneal transplant replacing only the damaged endothelial layer

MORNING GLORY SYNDROME

πŸ‘“ Morning glory syndrome is a rare congenital eye anomaly characterized by an abnormal optic disc.

  • Appearance: The optic disc looks like a morning glory flower, with a funnel-shaped excavation and radial retinal vessels.
  • Associated risks: Potential vision problems, retinal detachment, and other eye issues.
  • Causes: Congenital, possibly related to abnormal fetal development.
  • Management: Regular eye exams, monitoring for complications.
20D LENS

πŸ‘“ Here’s more on a 20D lens:

  • Magnification: A +20D lens provides approximately 20x magnification.
  • Field of view: Offers a relatively wide field, useful for examining the retina.
  • Use: Commonly used in ophthalmology for:
    • Indirect ophthalmoscopy (with a slit lamp or head-mounted scope).
    • Examining the posterior segment (retina, macula, etc.).
  • Type: Typically a handheld, convex lens made of glass or acrylic.
  • Working distance: Around 5 cm (2 inches) from the patient’s eye.
CONTACT LENS APPLICATOR

A contact lens applicator 😎 is a handy tool that helps you put in (and sometimes take out) contact lenses, especially if you’re a newbie or have dexterity issues. Types include:

  • Sucker/plucker: A small tool with a suction cup that grips the lens.
  • Finger-tip applicator: A guide that fits on your finger to help position the lens.

They’re super useful if:

  • You’re struggling to handle tiny lenses
  • You have arthritis or finger issues
  • You’re helping someone else with lenses (like kids)
DIAMOX

πŸ‘¨β€βš•οΈ Diamox (Acetazolamide) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.

Uses:

  1. Glaucoma: Reduces intraocular pressure
  2. Edema: Treats fluid retention
  3. Altitude sickness: Prevents and treats symptoms
  4. Epilepsy: Adjunct therapy

Eye-related uses:

  1. Iocular pressure reduction: Glaucoma treatment
  2. Cystoid macular edema: Treats fluid buildup

Side effects:

  1. Numbness/tingling: Hands, feet, or face
  2. Dizziness: May affect daily activities
  3. Increased urination: Monitor hydration
LISAMINE GREEN STAINING

πŸ‘¨β€βš•οΈ Lissamine Green staining test assesses ocular surface damage, particularly conjunctival epithelial damage.

Procedure:

  1. Apply anesthetic drops (optional)
  2. Place Lissamine Green drops in eye
  3. Examine under white or blue light

Interpretation:

  • Staining pattern: Indicates damage location/severity
  • Scoring systems: Grade staining (e.g., Oxford scale)

Uses:

  1. Dry eye disease: Evaluates conjunctival staining
  2. Ocular surface disorders: Identifies damaged areas
  3. Conjunctival disorders: Assesses inflammation
FLOURESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY

πŸ‘¨β€βš•οΈ Fluorescein angiography is a diagnostic test that uses fluorescein dye and a specialized camera to visualize the retinal blood vessels.

Key uses:

  1. Diabetic retinopathy: Detects leakage, neovascularization
  2. Macular degeneration: Identifies abnormal blood vessels
  3. Retinal vascular occlusions: Diagnoses blockages
  4. Tumors: Highlights abnormal vessels

Procedure:

  1. Inject fluorescein dye into arm vein
  2. Take photographs as dye circulates
  3. Capture early and late-phase images

Findings:

  • Leakage: Dye escape from vessels
  • Blockage: Dark areas (hypofluorescence)
  • Neovascularization: Abnormal vessels

Precautions:

  • Nausea, yellow skin discoloration (temporary)
  • Allergic reactions (rare)
  • Pregnancy/breastfeeding: Use cautiously
REFRACTION

πŸ” Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through different mediums (e.g., air, lens, cornea). In the eye, it focuses light onto the retina.

Types:

  1. Emmetropia: Normal vision.
  2. Myopia (nearsightedness): Blurred distance vision.
  3. Hyperopia (farsightedness): Blurred near vision.
  4. Astigmatism: Distorted vision.
  5. Presbyopia: Age-related near vision loss.

Tests:

  • Visual acuity: Snellen chart.
  • Autorefraction: Objective measurement.
  • Subjective tests: Lens power adjustment.

Corrections:

  • Glasses/contact lenses: Adjust refractive power.
  • Surgery: LASIK, PRK, etc.

MYDRIATIC DRUGS

πŸ‘οΈ Mydriatic drugs dilate the pupil (mydriasis) by relaxing the iris sphincter muscle. Used for exams, surgery, or treating inflammation.

Common examples:

  1. Phenylephrine (Ξ±-1 agonist)
    • Effect: Fast (30–60 min), short (3–6h).
    • Use: Diagnostic exams.
    • Risk: Hypertension, arrhythmia.
  2. Tropicamide (anticholinergic)
    • Effect: 30–45 min, lasts 4–6h.
    • Use: Routine dilation.
    • Risk: Blurred vision, photophobia.
  3. Atropine (strong, long-acting)
    • Effect: 1–2 weeks.
    • Use: Uveitis, amblyopia.
    • Risk: Prolonged blur, dry mouth.
  4. Cyclopentolate
    • Effect: 24–48h.
    • Use: Pediatric exams.
    • Risk: Behavioral changes in kids.

Precautions:

  • Avoid driving until pupils return to normal.
  • Glaucoma risk: Check IOP.
  • Monitor elderly/kids.
  • Side effects: Headache, stinging, dry eyes.