Eagleview Eye Clinic

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OCULAR FITNESS REPORT

An ocular fitness report checks if your eyes meet health and vision standards for work, school, or driving. It includes:

  • Name, age, gender, ID
  • Visual acuity (distance/near, with/without glasses)
  • Refraction (need for glasses/contact lenses)
  • Color vision (Ishihara test or similar)
  • Eye health exam (check for infections, cataract, glaucoma, retinal issues)
  • Conclusion: “Fit,” “Fit with corrective lenses,” or “Not fit” with reason.
P50 and N95

P50 and N95 are key waves in pattern ERG (PERG), reflecting retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function:

  • P50: Early positive wave, mainly from RGCs and inner retinal layers. Reduced amplitude or delayed timing suggests ganglion cell dysfunction, common in early glaucoma or optic neuropathies.
  • N95: Later negative wave, more specific to optic nerve health. A drop in N95 amplitude often signals optic nerve damage or axonal loss.

Both waves together help gauge severity and progression of optic nerve diseases. For example, in glaucoma, P50 might reduce first, then N95 drops as damage worsens.

PATTERN ERG

Pattern ERG (PERG) measures electrical activity from retinal ganglion cells in response to a reversing checkerboard pattern. It’s great for spotting optic nerve issues like glaucoma and macular problems.

  • How it’s done: Electrodes on the eye, patient looks at a screen with a checkerboard pattern that flips contrast.
  • What it records: P50 wave (early positive) reflects ganglion cell function; N95 wave (negative) relates to optic nerve health.
  • Key use: Detects ganglion cell loss early, even before visual field defects show up.
  • Difference from full-field ERG: PERG focuses on central retina and optic nerve, not whole retinal response.
FULL ERG

Full-field ERG tests the entire retina’s electrical response to light. You get electrodes on the cornea or skin, dark-adapt for ~20 mins, then flashes of light stimulate rods and cones. It records a-waves (photoreceptor activity) and b-waves (inner retinal response). Used to diagnose widespread retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa or Leber congenital amaurosis. Results show overall retinal function, not localized areas.

ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY

Electroretinography (ERG) is a test that measures the electrical response of the retina’s light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) to light stimuli. It helps diagnose retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and Leber congenital amaurosis.

  • How it works: Electrodes placed on the cornea or skin around the eye record electrical activity while the eye is exposed to flashes of light.
  • What it shows: Waves (a-waves, b-waves) reflecting function of photoreceptors and inner retinal layers.
  • Types: Full-field ERG (tests whole retina), multifocal ERG (tests small areas), and pattern ERG (tests ganglion cells).
  • Use: Detects retinal dysfunction even before vision loss is noticeable.

GENE THERAPY

Gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) delivers a functional copy of a mutated gene to retinal cells, usually using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector injected under the retina. The first FDA-approved treatment, Luxturna, targets RPE65 mutations and has shown improved night vision and visual fields in many patients.

  • Process: A tiny surgical incision allows subretinal injection of the viral vector carrying the healthy gene.
  • Outcome: Can restore some visual function, especially in dim light, but not full sight.
  • Limitations: Effective only for certain mutations; benefits vary, and it’s not a cure.
  • Risks: Includes inflammation, retinal detachment, or increased eye pressure.
  • Research: Ongoing trials for other genes like CEP290 and GUCY2D.

ORCAM

👓 OrCam MyEye is a small, AI-powered device that clips onto glasses and helps people with visual impairments by “reading” text and identifying objects, faces, and products aloud.

  • Key features:
    • Text reading: Reads printed and digital text from books, screens, signs, and labels.
    • Facial recognition: Learns and announces names of people.
    • Object and product identification: Recognizes everyday items and barcodes.
    • Color and money detection: Helps identify colors and currency notes.
    • Voice commands: Hands-free control for easy operation.
  • How it works: The device uses a smart camera and AI algorithms to interpret visual information and deliver it as audio through a tiny speaker.
  • Benefits:
    • Promotes independence for visually impaired users.
    • Portable and discreet.
    • Supports multiple languages.
CORNEA NEOVASCULARIZATION

👓 Corneal neovascularization is the growth of new blood vessels into the cornea, typically as a response to injury, infection, or hypoxia.

  • Causes: Contact lens wear, infections (e.g., herpes simplex keratitis), trauma, or inflammation.
  • Effects: Can lead to vision impairment, scarring, or lipid deposition.
  • Symptoms: May cause redness, discomfort, or vision changes.
  • Management: Treats underlying cause, steroids, or anti-VEGF therapy in some cases.

CONDITIONS THAT CAN OCCUR FROM CONTACT LENS USE

😊 Contact lens misuse can lead to various eye issues, including:

  • Infections: Bacterial (e.g., bacterial keratitis), fungal, or viral (e.g., adenovirus).
  • Irritation and allergies: Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), allergic reactions to lens solutions.
  • Corneal issues: Abrasions, ulcers, neovascularization, or dellen.
  • Hypoxia-related problems: Corneal edema, neovascularization.
  • Other: Dry eye, discomfort, or lens-related complications.

MORNING GLORY SYNDROME

👓 Morning glory syndrome is a rare congenital eye anomaly characterized by an abnormal optic disc.

  • Appearance: The optic disc looks like a morning glory flower, with a funnel-shaped excavation and radial retinal vessels.
  • Associated risks: Potential vision problems, retinal detachment, and other eye issues.
  • Causes: Congenital, possibly related to abnormal fetal development.
  • Management: Regular eye exams, monitoring for complications.